Performance

Does caffeine improve reaction time?

Yes — caffeine reliably improves reaction time, with most studies finding a 10–15ms reduction in simple visual RT at a dose of 100–300mg. The effect is real, well-replicated, and dose-dependent.

VariableDetail
Optimal dose100–200mg (1–2 cups of coffee)
Time to peak effect45–60 minutes post-consumption
RT improvement~10–15ms reduction in simple RT
Effect in habitual usersReduced — tolerance develops within ~7 days
Best time to test45–90 min after 1–2 cups, after ≥2 days no caffeine

The mechanism: caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain, which normally promote drowsiness. This increases dopamine and norepinephrine activity, boosting alertness and reducing the "noise" in neural signal transmission. Sleep-deprived subjects show the largest RT improvements from caffeine — it partially reverses the ~50ms slowing caused by poor sleep.

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